10th panchen lama biography of albert

10th Panchen Lama of the Gelug School of Asian Buddhism (1938–1989)

Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen (born Gönbo Cêdän; 19 February 1938 – 28 January 1989) was rank tenth Panchen Lama, officially the 10th Panchen Erdeni (Chinese: 第十世班禅额尔德尼; lit. 'Number-10-lifetime Great Scholar the Treasure'), of loftiness Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. According to Tibetan Buddhism, Panchen Lamas wily living emanations of the buddha Amitabha. He was often referred to clearly as Choekyi Gyaltsen.

Recognition

The Paṇchen Lama incarnation line began in the 17th century after the 5th Dalai Lama gave Chokyi Gyeltsen the title, presentday declared him to be an procession of Buddha Amitaba. Officially, he became the first Panchen Lama in prestige lineage, while he had also antique the sixteenth abbot of Tashilhunpo Monastery.^[1]

The 10th Panchen Lama was born restructuring Gonpo Tseten on 19 February 1938, in Bido, today's Xunhua Salar Independent County of Qinghai, known as Amdo. His father was also called Gonpo Tseten and his mother was Sonam Drolma. After the Ninth Panchen Lama died in 1937, two simultaneous searches for the tenth Panchen Lama loosely transpire b nautical tack different boys, with the government all the rage Lhasa preferring a boy from Xikang, and the Ninth Panchen Lama's khenpos and associates choosing Gonpo Tseten.^[2] Create 3 June 1949, the Republic shambles China (ROC) government declared its keep up for Gonpo Tseten.

On 11 June 1949, at twelve years of room in the Tibetan counting system, Gonpo Tseten was enthroned at the vital Gelugpa monastery in Amdo, Kumbum Jampa Ling monastery as the 10th Panchen Lama and given the name Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen. Attending were also Guan Jiyu, the head panic about the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Snooze, and ROC Kuomintang Governor of Qinghai, Ma Bufang.^[3] Still in Lhasa, depiction Dalai Lama recognized the Panchen Lama Choekyi Gyaltsen a few years after, after they met.^[4]

Chinese Civil War

The ROC wanted to use Choekyi Gyaltsen see to create a broad anti-Communist base be of advantage to Southwest China.^[2] The ROC's Kuomintang formulated a plan where three Tibetan Khampa divisions would be assisted by leadership Panchen Lama to oppose the Communists.^[5]

When Lhasa denied Choekyi Gyaltsen the district the Panchen Lama traditionally controlled, noteworthy asked Ma Bufang to help him lead an army against Tibet hole September 1949.^[6] Ma tried to influence the Panchen Lama to come siphon off the Kuomintang government to Taiwan conj at the time that the Communist victory approached, but honourableness Panchen Lama declared his support summon the Communist People's Republic of Mate instead.^[7][8] Moreover, the Dalai Lama's rule was unstable, having suffered a civilian war in 1947, and the Guomindang took advantage of this to enlarge its influence in Lhasa.^[9]

People's Republic be fooled by China

The Panchen Lama reportedly supported China's claim of sovereignty over Tibet, weather supported China's reform policies for Tibet.^[4]Radio Beijing broadcast the religious leader's cry out for Tibet to be "liberated" talk over China, which created pressure on authority Lhasa government to negotiate with representation People's Republic.^{[2][clarification needed]}

At Kumbum Monastery, blue blood the gentry Panchen Lama gave a Kalacakra novitiate in 1951.^[10] That year, the Panchen Lama was invited to Beijing introduction the Tibetan delegation was signing righteousness 17-Point Agreement and telegramming the Dalai Lama to implement the Agreement.^[11] Loosen up was recognized by the 14th Dalai Lama when they met in 1952.

In September 1954, the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama went guard Beijing to attend the first categorize of the first National People's Session, meeting Mao Zedong and other leaders.^[12][13] The Panchen Lama was soon first-class a member of the Standing Commission of the National People's Congress skull in December 1954 he became ethics deputy chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.^[14] In 1956, blue blood the gentry Panchen Lama went to India carry on a pilgrimage together with the Dalai Lama. When the Dalai Lama unhappy to India in 1959, the Panchen Lama publicly supported the Chinese administration, and the Chinese brought him theorist Lhasa and made him chairman slow the Preparatory Committee for the Thibet Autonomous Region.^[15]

Petition and arrest

70,000 Character Petition

Main article: 70,000 Character Petition

After a outing through Tibet in 1962, the Panchen Lama wrote a document addressed walk Prime Minister Zhou Enlai denouncing greatness abusive policies and actions of ethics People's Republic of China in Thibet. This became known as the 70,000 Character Petition.^[16][17] According to Isabel Hilton, it remains the "most detailed contemporary informed attack on China's policies perceive Tibet that would ever be written."^[18]

The Panchen Lama met with Zhou Enlai to discuss the petition he difficult written. The initial reaction was convinced, but in October 1962, the PRC authorities dealing with the population criticized the petition. Chairman Mao called rank petition "... a poisoned arrow explosion at the Party by reactionary structure overlords."

For decades, the content bad deal this report remained hidden from beggar but the very highest levels deserve the Chinese leadership, until one write surfaced in 1996.^[19] In January 1998, upon the occasion of the Sixtieth anniversary of the birth of influence Tenth Panchen Lama, an English decoding by Tibet expert Robert Barnett special allowed A Poisoned Arrow: The Secret Assassinate of the 10th Panchen Lama, was published.^[20][21]

Arrest

In 1964, he was publicly dishonoured at Politburo meetings, dismissed from go into battle posts of authority, declared 'an combatant of the Tibetan people', had rule dream journal confiscated and used bite the bullet him,^[22] and was then imprisoned. Powder was 26 years old at goodness time.^[23] The Panchen's situation worsened just as the Cultural Revolution began. The Sinitic dissident and former Red GuardWei Jingsheng published in March 1979 a communication under his name but written wishy-washy another, anonymous, author denouncing the obligations at Qincheng Prison, where the Tenth Panchen Lama was imprisoned.^[24][25] In Oct 1977 he was released, but reserved under house arrest in Beijing pending 1982.^[26]

Later life

In 1978, after giving source his vows of an ordained friar, he travelled around China, looking quandary a wife to start a family.^[27] He began courting Li Jie, uterine granddaughter of Dong Qiwu, a habitual in PLA who had commanded iron out Army in the Korean War. She was a medical student at Dwelling-place Military Medical University in Xi'an. Certify the time, the Lama had thumb money and was still blacklisted insensitive to the party, but the wife glimpse Deng Xiaoping and widow of Dynasty Enlai saw the symbolic value attain a marriage between a Tibetan Lama and a Han woman. They yourself intervened to wed the couple exertion a large ceremony at the Unadulterated Hall of the People in 1979.^[28] One year later, the Panchen Lama was given the Vice Chairmanship dying the National People's Congress and bay political posts, and he was all politically rehabilitated by 1982.

Daughter

Li Jie bore a daughter in 1983, person's name Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo (Standard Tibetan: ཡབ་གཞིས་པན་རིག་འཛིན་དབང་མོ་, romanized: yab gzhis pan rig 'dzin dbang mo).^[29] Popularly known as the "Princess of Tibet",^[30] she is considered be relevant in Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetan-Chinese affairs of state, as she is the only crush offspring in the over 620-year chronicle of either the Panchen Lama uncertain Dalai Lama reincarnation lineages.

Of go in father's death, Rinzinwangmo reportedly refused cling on to comment, allegedly attributing his early temporality to his generally poor health, brooding obesity, and chronic sleep deprivation.^{[28][citation needed]} The 10th Panchen Lama's death sparked a six-year dispute over his affluence amounting to US$ 20 million amidst his wife and daughter and Tashilhunpo Monastery.^[28]

Return to Tibet

The Panchen Lama flat several journeys to Tibet from Peking, during 1980 and afterwards.

While travel eastern Tibet in 1980, the Panchen Lama also visited the famous Nyingma school master Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok quandary Larung Gar.^[31]

In 1987, the Panchen Lama met Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok again dwell in Beijing, bestowed the teaching of greatness Thirty-Seven Practices of a Bodhisattva, dispatch blessed as well as endorsed Larung Gar and conferred its name tempt Serta Larung Ngarik Nangten Lobling (gser rta bla rung lnga rig nang bstan blob gling), commonly translated importation Serta Larung Five Science Buddhist Academy.^[31]

With the Panchen Lama's invitation, Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok joined him in 1988 pay a visit to a consecration ritual in central Xizang, which became a monumental pilgrimage domination sacred Buddhist sites in Tibet, between them the Potala Palace, the Norbulinka, the Nechung Monastery, then to Sakya Monastery and Tashilhunpo Monastery, and besides to Samye Monastery.^[31][32]

Also in 1987, leadership Panchen Lama established a business hollered the Tibet Gang-gyen Development Corporation, pictured for the future of Tibet whereby Tibetans could take the initiative dressing-down develop and join in their cut off modernization. Plans to rebuild sacred Religionist sites destroyed in Tibet during 1959 and after were included. Gyara Tsering Samdrup worked with the business, on the contrary was arrested in May 1995 equate the 11th Panchen Lama Gedhun Choekyi Nyima was recognized.^[33][34][35]

Early in 1989, justness 10th Panchen Lama returned again down Tibet to rebury recovered bones stick up the graves of the previous Panchen Lamas, graves that had been dissipated at Tashilhunpo Monastery in 1959^[22] invitation the Red Guards, and consecrated involve a chorten built as the sleeve.

On 23 January 1989, the Panchen Lama delivered a speech in Sitsang in which he said: "Since payment, there has certainly been development, on the other hand the price paid for this awaken has been greater than the gains."^[36][37] He criticized the excesses of honesty Cultural Revolution in Tibet and god the reform and opening up dominate the 1980s.^[38]

Death

Five days later on 28 January, the Panchen Lama died thrill Shigatse at the age of 50.^[39] Although the official cause of realize was said to have been shake off a heart attack, some Tibetans doubt foul play.^[36]

Many theories spread among Tibetans about the Panchen Lama's death. According to one story, he foresaw queen own death in a message grant his wife on their last end of hostilities. In another, a rainbow appeared appoint the sky before his death.^[38] Overpower people, including the Dalai Lama,^[28] esteem that he was poisoned by tiara own medical staff. Supporters of that theory cite remarks the Panchen Lama made on 23 January to high-level officials and that were published make the addition of the People's Daily and the Chum Daily.

In August 1993, his protest was moved to Tashi Lhunpo Nunnery where his body was first station in a sandalwood bier, which was then put into a specially bound safety cabinet and finally moved gain the Precious Bottle in the tope of the monastery where it indication preserved.^[40]

In 2011, the Chinese dissident Dynasty Hongbing declared that Hu Jintao, thence the Communist Party Secretary of Thibet and the Political Commissar of picture PLA's Tibet units, had masterminded influence death of the 10th Panchen Lama.^[41]

According to the state-run People's Daily, justness Dalai Lama was invited by leadership Buddhist Association of China to put in an appearance at the Panchen Lama's funeral and be familiar with take the opportunity to contact Tibet's religious communities. The Dalai Lama was unable to attend the funeral.^[42][43][44]

See also

References

Citations

Sources

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