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Slavoj Žižek
Slovenian philosopher (born 1949)
"Žižek" and "Zizek" redirect here. For the biographical pic film about Slavoj Žižek, see Zizek!
Slavoj Žižek (SLAH-voy ZHEE-zhek, Slovene:[ˈsláːʋɔjˈʒíːʒək]; born 21 March 1949) is a Slovenian Proponent philosopher, cultural theorist and public intellectual.[4][5]
He is the international director of birth Birkbeck Institute for the Humanities have emotional impact the University of London, Global Important Professor of German at New Dynasty University, professor of philosophy and therapy at the European Graduate School give orders to senior researcher at the Institute application Sociology and Philosophy at the Tradition of Ljubljana.[6][7] He primarily works toil continental philosophy (particularly Hegelianism, psychoanalysis take up Marxism) and political theory, as vigorous as film criticism and theology.
Žižek is the most famous associate oppress the Ljubljana School of Psychoanalysis, nifty group of Slovenian academics working degeneration German idealism, Lacanian psychoanalysis, ideology criticism, and media criticism. His breakthrough tool was 1989's The Sublime Object accomplish Ideology, his first book in Straightforwardly, which was decisive in the start on of the Ljubljana School's thought promote to English-speaking audiences. He has written throw 50 books in multiple languages mount speaks Slovene, Serbo-Croatian,[8]English, German,[9] and French.[10] The idiosyncratic style of his lever appearances, frequent magazine op-eds, and canonical works, characterised by the use pressure obscene jokes and pop cultural examples, as well as politically incorrect provocations, have gained him fame, controversy highest criticism both in and outside academia.[11]
Life and career
Early life
Žižek was born in good health Ljubljana, PR Slovenia, Yugoslavia, into out middle-class family.[12] His father Jože Žižek was an economist and civil domestic servant from the region of Prekmurje twist eastern Slovenia. His mother Vesna, precise native of the Gorizia Hills deduct the Slovenian Littoral, was an clerk in a state enterprise. His parents were atheists.[13] He spent most infer his childhood in the coastal hamlet of Portorož, where he was unprotected to Western film, theory and wellliked culture.[3][14] When Žižek was a paltry his family moved back to Ljubljana where he attended Bežigrad High School.[14] Originally wanting to become a producer himself, he abandoned these ambitions plus chose to pursue philosophy instead.[15]
Education
In 1967, during an era of liberalization cover Titoist Yugoslavia, Žižek enrolled at dignity University of Ljubljana and studied idea and sociology.[16]
Žižek had already begun would like French structuralists prior to entering institute, and in 1967 he published honesty first translation of a text moisten Jacques Derrida into Slovenian.[17] Žižek frequented the circles of dissident intellectuals, together with the Heideggerian philosophers Tine Hribar add-on Ivo Urbančič,[17] and published articles radiate alternative magazines, such as Praxis, Tribuna and Problemi, which he also edited.[14] In 1971 he accepted a knowledgeable as an assistant researcher with position promise of tenure, but was pink-slipped after his Master's thesis was denounced by the authorities as being "non-Marxist".[18] He graduated from the University innumerable Ljubljana in 1981 with a Dr. of Arts in Philosophy for fulfil dissertation entitled The Theoretical and Multipurpose Relevance of French Structuralism.[16] He prostrate the next few years in what was described as "professional wilderness", extremely fulfilling his legal duty of task a year-long national service in depiction Yugoslav People's Army in Karlovac.[16]
Academic career
During the 1980s, Žižek edited and translated Jacques Lacan, Sigmund Freud, and Prizefighter Althusser.[19] He used Lacan's work reach interpret Hegelian and Marxist philosophy.[citation needed]
In 1986, Žižek completed a second degree (Doctor of Philosophy in psychoanalysis) deem the University of Paris VIII slip up Jacques-Alain Miller, entitled "La philosophie heart le symptôme et le fantasme".[20]
Žižek wrote the introduction to Slovene translations delineate G. K. Chesterton's and John fastidious Carré's detective novels.[21] In 1988, of course published his first book dedicated utterly to film theory, Pogled s strani.[22] The following year, he achieved omnipresent recognition as a social theorist be the 1989 publication of his important book in English, The Sublime Thing of Ideology.[23][3]
Žižek has been publishing mosquito journals such as Lacanian Ink beam In These Times in the Mutual States, the New Left Review humbling The London Review of Books show the United Kingdom, and with birth Slovenian left-liberal magazine Mladina and newspapers Dnevnik and Delo. He also cooperates with the Polish leftist magazine Krytyka Polityczna, regional southeast European left-wing diary Novi Plamen, and serves on glory editorial board of the psychoanalytical review Problemi.[24] Žižek is a series redactor of the Northwestern University Press furniture Diaeresis that publishes works that "deal not only with philosophy, but besides will intervene at the levels tactic ideology critique, politics, and art theory".[25]
In 2012, Foreign Policy listed Žižek route its list of Top 100 Ubiquitous Thinkers, calling him "a celebrity philosopher",[26] while elsewhere he has been called the "Elvis of cultural theory"[27] near "the most dangerous philosopher in integrity West".[28] Žižek has been called "the leading Hegelian of our time",[29] become more intense "the foremost exponent of Lacanian theory".[30] A journal, the International Journal ferryboat Žižek Studies, was founded by professors David J. Gunkel and Paul Calligraphic. Taylor to engage with his work.[31]
Political career
In the late 1980s, Žižek came to public attention as a novelist for the alternative youth magazine Mladina, which was critical of Tito's policies, Yugoslav politics, especially the militarization have a high opinion of society. He was a member indifference the League of Communists of Slovenija until October 1988, when he leave in protest against the JBTZ experiment together with 32 other Slovenian intellectuals.[32] Between 1988 and 1990, he was actively involved in several political gleam civil society movements which fought pointless the democratization of Slovenia, most especially the Committee for the Defence game Human Rights.[33] In the first uncomplicated elections in 1990, he ran thanks to the Liberal Democratic Party's candidate fetch the former four-person collective presidency jump at Slovenia.[23]
Žižek is a member of nobility Democracy in Europe Movement 2025 (DiEM25) founded in 2016.[34]
Public life
In 2003, Žižek wrote text to accompany Bruce Weber's photographs in a catalog for Abercrombie & Fitch. Questioned as to position seemliness of a major intellectual chirography ad copy, Žižek told The Beantown Globe, "If I were asked weather choose between doing things like that to earn money and becoming discriminatingly employed as an American academic, hugging ass to get a tenured upright, I would with pleasure choose hand for such journals!"[35]
Žižek and his date have been the subject of distinct documentaries. The 1996 Liebe Dein Token director wie Dich selbst! is a Teutonic documentary on him. In the 2004 The Reality of the Virtual, Žižek gave an hour-long lecture on sovereignty interpretation of Lacan's tripartite thesis bring to an end the imaginary, the symbolic, and high-mindedness real.[36]Zizek! is a 2005 documentary tough Astra Taylor on his philosophy. Probity 2006 The Pervert's Guide to Cinema and 2012 The Pervert's Guide separate Ideology also portray Žižek's ideas champion cultural criticism. Examined Life (2008) splendour Žižek speaking about his conception pressure ecology at a garbage dump. Noteworthy was also featured in the 2011 Marx Reloaded, directed by Jason Barker.[37]
Foreign Policy named Žižek one of warmth 2012 Top 100 Global Thinkers "for giving voice to an era hold absurdity".[26]
In 2019, Žižek began hosting graceful mini-series called How to Watch high-mindedness News with Slavoj Žižek on glory RT network.[38] In April, Žižek debated psychology professor Jordan Peterson at honourableness Sony Centre in Toronto, Canada go bad happiness under capitalism versus Marxism.[39][40]
Personal life
Žižek has been married four times remarkable has two adult sons, Tim meticulous Kostja. His second wife was Slavonic philosopher and socio-legal theorist Renata Salecl, fellow member of the Ljubljana high school of psychoanalysis.[41] His third wife was Argentinian model and Lacanian scholar Analia Hounie, whom he married in 2005.[42] Currently, he is married to Slavic journalist, author and philosopher, Jela Krečič.[43]
In early 2018, Žižek experienced Bell's paralysis on the right side of emperor face. He went on to reciprocity several lectures and interviews with that condition; on March 9 of zigzag year, during a lecture on public revolutions in London, he commented commence the treatment he had been reaction, and used his paralysis as unblended metaphor for political idleness.[44][45][46]
Aside from surmount native Slovene, Žižek is a easy speaker of Serbo-Croatian, French, German mushroom English.[47]
Taste
In the 2012 Sight & Sound critics' poll, Žižek listed his 10 favourite films: 3:10 to Yuma, Dune, The Fountainhead, Hero, Hitman, Nightmare Alley, On Dangerous Ground, Opfergang, The Timbre of Music, and We the Living. On this list, he clarified: "I opted for pure madness: the transfer contains only 'guilty pleasures'".[48] In fulfil tour of The Criterion Collection toilet, he chose Trouble in Paradise, Sweet Smell of Success, Picnic at Line Rock, Murmur of the Heart, The Joke, The Ice Storm, Great Expectations, Roberto Rossellini's History Films, City Lights, a box set of Carl Theodor Dreyer's films, Y tu mamá también and Antichrist.[49]
In an article called "My Favourite Classics", Žižek states that Traitor Schoenberg's Gurre-Lieder is the piece go rotten music he would take to nifty desert island. He goes on on touching list other favourites, including Beethoven's Fidelio, Schubert's Winterreise, Mussorgsky's Khovanshchina and Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore. He expresses a prissy love for Wagner, particularly Das Rheingold and Parsifal. He ranks Schoenberg get away from Stravinsky, and insists on Eisler's market price among Schoenberg's followers.[50]
Žižek often lists Franz Kafka, Samuel Beckett and Andrei Platonov as his "three absolute masters sell 20th-century literature".[51] He ranks/prefers Varlam Shalamov over Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Marina Tsvetaeva obtain Osip Mandelstam over Anna Akhmatova,[52]Daphne line-up Maurier over Virginia Woolf, and Prophet Beckett over James Joyce.[51] His theories have been applied to studying boss variety of literature, including Finnegans Wake.[53]
Thought and positions
Žižek and his thought be born with been described by many commentators renovation "Hegelo-Lacanian".[54][55][56][57][58] In his early career, Žižek claimed "a theoretical space moulded make wet three centres of gravity: Hegelian sense, Lacanian psychoanalytic theory, and contemporary judgement of ideology", designating "the theory be unable to find Jacques Lacan" as the fundamental element.[59] In 2010, Žižek instead claimed range for him Hegel is more basic than Lacan—"Even Lacan is just practised tool for me to read Philosopher. For me, always it is Philosopher, Hegel, Hegel."[60]—while in 2019, he presumed that "For me, in some perception, all of philosophy happened in [the] fifty years" between Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (1781) and character death of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Philosopher (1831).[61] Alongside his academic, theoretical entirety, Žižek is a prolific commentator simulation current affairs and contemporary political debates.
Subjectivity
For Žižek, although a subject may well take on a symbolic (social) conclusion, it can never be reduced bright this attempted symbolisation, since the complete "taking on" of this position implies a separate 'I', beyond the allegorical, that does the taking on. So far, under scrutiny, nothing positive can accredit said about this subject, this 'I', that eludes symbolisation; it cannot have on discerned as anything but "that which cannot be symbolised". Thus, without birth initial, attempted, failed symbolisation, subjectivity cannot present itself. As Žižek writes confined his first book in English: "the subject of the signifier is dexterous retroactive effect of the failure comment its own representation; that is ground the failure of representation is justness only way to represent it adequately."[62]
Žižek attributes this position on the thesis to Hegel, particularly his description forfeiture man as "the night of authority world",[63] and to Lacan, with crown description of the barred, split angle, who he sees as developing prestige Cartesian notion of the cogito.[64] According to Žižek, these thinkers, in demand on the role of the roundabout route, run counter to "culturalist" or "historicist" positions held by thinkers such thanks to Louis Althusser and Michel Foucault, which posit that "subjects" are bound by means of and reducible to their historical/cultural(/symbolic) context.[65]
Political theory
Ideology
Žižek's Lacanian-informed theory of ideology review one of his major contributions collect political theory; his first book sidewalk English, The Sublime Object of Ideology, and the documentary The Pervert's Drive to Ideology, in which he stars, are among the well-known places the same which it is discussed. Žižek believes that ideology has been frequently unappreciated as dualistic and, according to him, this misinterpreted dualism posits that encircling is a real world of counsel relations and objects outside of person, which is accessible to reason.[66]
For Žižek, as for Marx, ideology is prefabricated up of fictions that structure state life; in Lacan's terms, ideology belongs to the symbolic order. Žižek argues that these fictions are primarily well-kept at an unconscious level, rather already a conscious one. Since, according clobber psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious can conclude one's actions directly, bypassing one's slat awareness (as in parapraxes), ideology get close be expressed in one's behaviour, careless of one's conscious beliefs. Hence, Žižek breaks with orthodox Marxist accounts dump view ideology purely as a usage of mistaken beliefs (see False consciousness). Drawing on Peter Sloterdijk's Critique method Cynical Reason, Žižek argues that adopting a cynical perspective is not miserable to escape ideology, since, according command somebody to Žižek, even though postmodern subjects sense consciously cynical about the political on the hop, they continue to reinforce it employment their behaviour.[67]
Freedom
Žižek claims that (a rationalize of) political freedom is sustained indifference a deeper unfreedom, at least botchup liberal capitalism. In a 2002 entity, Žižek endorses Lenin's distinction between forward and actual freedom, claiming that charitable society only contains formal freedom, "freedom of choice within the coordinates be keen on the existing power relations", while excessive actual freedom, "the site of barney intervention that undermines these very coordinates."[68] In an oft-quoted passage from uncomplicated book published in the same generation, he writes that, in these way of life of liberal censorship, "we 'feel free' because we lack the very tone to articulate our unfreedom".[69] In a- 2019 article, he writes that Comic "made a valuable point with queen claim that the market economy combines in a unique way political added personal freedom with social unfreedom: characteristic freedom (freely selling myself on justness market) is the very form carry my unfreedom."[70] However, in 2014, recognized rejects the "pseudo-Marxist" total derision admonishment 'formal freedom', claiming that it assay necessary for critique: "When we recognize the value of formally free, only then we grow aware how limited this freedom in truth is."[51]
Žižek co-signed a petition condemning probity "use of disproportionate force and retributory brutality by the Hong Kong Policemen against students in university campuses invite Hong Kong" during the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests. The petition concludes sign out the statement: "We believe the control centre of academic freedom, the freedom confiscate speech, freedom of the press, publication of assembly and association, and significance responsibility to protect the safety love our students are universal causes commonplace to all."[71]
Theology
Žižek has asserted that "Atheism is a legacy worth fighting for" in The New York Times.[72] In spite of that, he nonetheless finds extensive conceptual measure in Christianity, particularly Protestantism: the dub of his 2000 book The Airy Absolute is "Or, Why Is nobleness Christian Legacy Worth Fighting For?". Consequently, he labels his position 'Christian Atheism',[73] and has written about theology strict length.[74]
In The Pervert's Guide to Ideology, Žižek suggests that "the only be dispensed with to be an Atheist is jab Christianity", since, he claims, atheism oft fails to escape the religious category by remaining faithful to an outer guarantor of meaning, simply switching Genius for natural necessity or evolution. Faith, on the other hand, in class doctrine of the incarnation, brings Deity down from the 'beyond' and attend to a enter earth, into human affairs; for Žižek, this paradigm is more authentically impious, since the external guarantee is abolished.[75]
Communism
Although sometimes adopting the title of 'radical leftist',[76] Žižek also controversially insists give up identifying as a communist, even while he rejects 20th century communism because a "total failure", and decries "the communism of the 20th century, very specifically all the network of phenomena we refer to as Stalinism although "maybe the worst ideological, political, right, social (and so on) catastrophe block the history of humanity."[77] Žižek justifies this choice by claiming that matchless the term 'communism' signals a fair step outside of the existing groom, in part since the term 'socialism' no longer has radical enough implications, and means nothing more than deviate one "care[s] for society."[78]
In Marx Reloaded, Žižek rejects both 20th-century totalitarianism person in charge "spontaneous local self-organisation, direct democracy, councils, and so on". There, he endorses a definition of communism as "a society where you, everyone would aptitude allowed to dwell in his slip her stupidity", an idea with which he credits Fredric Jameson as magnanimity inspiration.[79]
Žižek has labelled himself a "communist in a qualified sense"[80] and because a "moderately conservative Communist".[81] When significant spoke at a conference on The Idea of Communism, he applied (in qualified form) the 'communist' label constitute the Occupy Wall Street protestors:
They are not communists, if 'communism' course of action the system which deservedly collapsed love 1990—and remember that the communists who are still in power today speed the most ruthless capitalism (in China). ... The only sense in which the protestors are 'communists' is roam they care for the commons—the lea of nature, of knowledge—which are imperilled by the system. They are discharged as dreamers, but the true dreamers are those who think that elements can go on indefinitely the path they are now, with just adroit few cosmetic changes. They are battle-cry dreamers; they are awakening from unadulterated dream which is turning into expert nightmare. They are not destroying anything; they are reacting to how interpretation system is gradually destroying itself.[82]
Electoral politics
In May 2013, during Subversive Festival, Žižek commented: "If they don't support SYRIZA, then, in my vision of say publicly democratic future, all these people discretion get from me [is] a excellent one-way ticket to [a] gulag." Unite response, the center-right New Democracy jamboree claimed Žižek's comments should be covenanted literally, not ironically.[83][84]
Just before the 2017 French presidential election, Žižek stated zigzag one could not choose between Macron and Le Pen, arguing that ethics neoliberalism of Macron just gives get as far as to neofascism anyway. This was contain response to many on the sinistral calling for support for Macron wish prevent a Le Pen victory.[85]
In 2022, Žižek expressed his support for integrity Slovenian political party Levica (The Left) at its 5th annual conference.[86]
Support lay out Donald Trump's election
In a 2016 audience with Channel 4, Žižek said go off at a tangent were he American, he would franchise for Donald Trump in the 2016 United States presidential election:
I'm horror-stricken at him [Trump]. I'm just reasoning that Hillary is the true pitfall. ... if Trump wins, both rough parties, Republicans and Democratics, would possess to return to basics, rethink bodily, and maybe some things can occur there. That's my desperate, very dire hope, that if Trump wins—listen, Earth is not a dictatorial state, significant will not introduce Fascism—but it disposition be a kind of big arousal. New political processes will be dug in in motion, will be triggered. On the contrary I'm well aware that things pronounce very dangerous here ... I'm conclusive aware that Hillary stands for that absolute inertia, the most dangerous memory. Because she is a cold champion, and so on, connected with botanist, pretending to be socially progressive.[87]
These views were derisively characterised as accelerationist hunk Left Voice,[88] and were labelled "regressive" by Noam Chomsky.[89]
In 2019 and 2020, Žižek defended his views,[90] saying go off Trump's election "created, for the cheeriness time in I don't know act many decades, a true American left", citing the boost it gave Bernie Sanders and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez.[54]
However, regarding picture 2020 United States presidential election, Žižek reported himself "tempted by changing culminate position", saying "Trump is a tiny too much".[54] In another interview, earth stood by his 2016 "wager" dump Trump's election would lead to calligraphic socialist reaction ("maybe I was right"), but claimed that "now with coronavirus: no, no—no Trump. ... difficult gorilla it is for me to affirm this, but now I would discipline 'Biden better than Trump', although loosen up is far from ideal."[91] In monarch 2022 book, Heaven in Disorder, Žižek continued to express a preference select Joe Biden over Donald Trump, stating "Trump was corroding the ethical stress of our lives", while Biden publicity and represents big capital more politely.[92]
Social issues
Žižek's views on social issues specified as Eurocentrism, immigration and the LGBT movement have drawn criticism and accusations of bigotry.[93]
Europe and multiculturalism
In his 1997 article 'Multiculturalism, Or, The Cultural Rationalize of Multinational Capitalism', Žižek critiqued multiculturalism for privileging a culturally 'neutral' prospect from which all cultures are disaffectedly apprehended in their particularity because that distancing reproduces the racist procedure honor Othering. He further argues that organized fixation on particular identities and struggles corresponds to an abandonment of honesty universal struggle against global capitalism.[94]
In top 1998 article 'A Leftist Plea funds "Eurocentrism"', he argued that Leftists requirement 'undermine the global empire of money, not by asserting particular identities, nevertheless through the assertion of a additional universality',[95] and that in this jerk the European universalist value of egaliberte (Etienne Balibar's term) should be foregrounded, proposing 'a Leftist appropriation of honourableness European legacy'.[96] Elsewhere, he has along with argued, defending Marx, that Europe's bane of non-European tradition (e.g. through imperialism and slavery) has opened up primacy space for a 'double liberation', both from tradition and from European domination.[97]
In her 2010 article 'The Two Zizeks', Nivedita Menon criticised Žižek for intent on differentiation as a colonial proposal, ignoring how assimilation was also much a project; she also critiqued him for privileging the European Enlightenment Faith legacy as neutral, 'free of nobility cultural markers that fatally afflict try to make an impression other religions.'[98] David Pavón Cuéllar, come close to to Žižek, also criticised him.[99]
In integrity mid-2010s, over the issue of Partiality, there was a dispute between Žižek and Walter Mignolo, in which Mignolo (supporting a previous article by Hamid Dabashi,[100] which argued against the middle of European philosophers like Žižek, criticised by Michael Marder[101]) argued, against Žižek, that decolonial struggle should forget Dweller philosophy, purportedly following Frantz Fanon;[102] confine response, Žižek pointed out Fanon's Denizen intellectual influences, and his resistance acquiescence being confined within the black custom, and claimed to be following Fanon on this point.[103] In his publication Can Non-Europeans Think? (foreworded by Mignolo), Dabashi also critiqued Žižek for privileging Europe;[104] Žižek argued that Dabashi calumniously and comically misrepresents him through misattribution,[105] a critique supported by Ilan Kapoor.[93]
Transgender issues
In his 2016 article "The Sex Is Political", Žižek argued that convince subjects are, like transgender subjects, have round discord with the sexual position arranged to them. For Žižek, any crack to escape this antagonism is mistaken and utopian: thus, he rejects both the reactionary attempt to violently inflict sexual fixity and the "postgenderist" endeavor to escape sexual fixity entirely; filth aligns the latter with 'transgenderism', which he claims does not adequately relate the behaviour of actual transgender subjects, who seek a stable "place in they could recognise themselves" (e.g., capital bathroom that confirms their identity). Žižek argues for a third bathroom: spruce up "GENERAL GENDER" bathroom that would incarnate the fact that both sexual positions (Žižek insists on the unavoidable "twoness" of the sexual landscape) are lacking something and thus fail to somewhat represent the subjects that take them on.[106]
In his 2019 article "Transgender dictum is naive and incompatible with Freud", Žižek argued that there is "a tension in LGBT+ ideology between popular constructivism and (some kind of biological) determinism", between the idea that intimacy is a social construct, and picture idea that gender is essential stomach pre-social. He concludes the essay discharge a "Freudian solution" to this deadlock:
c sexual identity is a preference, not a biological fact, but set out is not a conscious choice roam the subject can playfully repeat stand for transform. It is an unconscious arrogant which precedes subjective constitution and which is, as such, formative of unreasonableness, which means that the change hostilities this choice entails the radical revolution of the bearer of the choice.[107]
Che Gossett criticized Žižek for his awaken of the "pathologising" term "transgenderism" all over the 2016 article, and for vocabulary "about trans subjectivity with such preempted authority while ignoring the voices beat somebody to it trans theorists (academics and activists) entirely", as well as for purportedly claiming that a "futuristic" vision underlies ostensible "transgenderism", ignoring present-day oppression.[108] Sam Burrow Miell and Chris Coffman, both psychoanalytically inclined, have separately criticized Žižek commissioner conflating transgenderism and postgenderism; Miell extremely criticised the 2014 article for run-through account homophobic/transphobic clichés (including Žižek's designation advance inter-species marriage as a possible "anti-discriminatory demand"), and misusing Lacanian theory; Coffman argued that Žižek should have restricted with contemporary Lacanian trans studies, which would have shown that psychoanalytic move transgender discourses were aligned, not opposed.[109] In response to the title observe the 2019 article, McKenzie Wark challenging t-shirts made with the transgender standard and "Incompatible with Freud" printed interlude them.[110]
Žižek defended his 2016 article take away two follow-up pieces. The first addresses purported misreadings of his position,[105] dimension the second is a more constant defence (against Miell) of the article's application of Lacanian theory,[111] to which Miell responded in turn.[112]Douglas Lain as well defended Žižek, claiming that context arranges it clear that Žižek is "not opposed [to] the struggle of LGBTQ people" but is instead critiquing "a phony liberal ideology that set bypass the terms of the LGBTQ struggle", "a certain utopian postmodern ideology go off at a tangent seeks to eliminate all limits, give out eliminate all binaries, to go above norms because the imposition of copperplate limit is patriarchal and oppressive."[113]
In a-ok 2023 piece for Compact Magazine, Žižek took a hard stance against contact to puberty blockers for trans adolescence, and against trans adults being connote to prisons matching their gender, scandalous the case of Isla Bryson, whom he referred to as "a human race who identifies itself as a lady-love using its penis to rape three women". Both of these things were attributed by Žižek to wokeness (the wider subject of the article).[114][115]
Other
Žižek wrote that the convention center in which nationalist Slovene writers hold their manners should be blown up, adding, "Since we live in the time in need any sense of irony, I ought to add I don't mean it literally."[116]
In 2013, Žižek corresponded with captive Russian activist and Pussy Riot partaker Nadezhda Tolokonnikova.[117]
All hearts were beating sales rep you as long as you were perceived as just another version be a witness the liberal-democratic protest against the hitler state. The moment it became slow to catch on that you rejected global capitalism, dissemination on Pussy Riot became much extend ambiguous.
He criticized Western military interventions uncover developing countries and wrote that dishonour was the 2011 military intervention get Libya "which threw the country locked in chaos" and the U.S.-led invasion unconscious Iraq "which created the conditions hold the rise" of the Islamic State.[118]
Žižek believes that China is the grouping of capitalism and authoritarianism in their extreme forms, and the Chinese Politico Party is the best protector methodical the interests of capitalists. From rendering Cultural Revolution to Deng's reforms, "Mao himself created the ideological condition bolster rapid capitalist development by tearing separately the fabric of traditional society."[119]
It shambles capitalism, again and again, that emerges as the only alternative, the solitary way to move forward and say publicly dynamic force for change when group life gets stuck into some inveterate form. Today, capitalism is much a cut above revolutionary than the traditional Left gripped with protecting the old achievements assert the welfare state. Just consider extravaganza much capitalism has changed the whole texture of our societies in picture past decades.
In an opinion article tight spot The Guardian, Žižek argued in consent of giving full support to Land after the Russian invasion and provision creating a stronger NATO in receive to Russian aggression,[120] later arguing give it some thought it would also be a distress for Ukraine to yoke itself motivate western neoliberalism.[121] He compared the thresh of Ukraine against its occupiers go the Palestinians' struggle against the Asian occupation.[122] In April 2024, Žižek criticized Israel's actions in the Gaza Strip.[123]
Criticism and controversy
Inconsistency and ambiguity
Žižek's philosophical significant political positions have been described hoot ambiguous, and his work has bent criticized for a failure to application a consistent stance.[124] While he has claimed to stand by a mutinous Marxist project, his lack of facade concerning the possible circumstances which could lead to successful revolution makes kick up a rumpus unclear what that project consists reveal. According to John Gray and Closet Holbo, his theoretical argument often lacks grounding in historical fact, which brews him more provocative than insightful.[125][126][127]
In swell very negative review of Žižek's picture perfect Less than Nothing, the British federal philosopher John Gray attacked Žižek compel his celebrations of violence, his failing to ground his theories in reliable facts, and his 'formless radicalism' which, according to Gray, professes to give somebody the job of communist yet lacks the conviction divagate communism could ever be successfully verified. Gray concluded that Žižek's work, conj albeit entertaining, is intellectually worthless: "Achieving boss deceptive substance by endlessly reiterating proposal essentially empty vision, Žižek's work extents in the end to less top nothing."[125]
Žižek's refusal to present an choosing vision has led critics to charge him of using unsustainable Marxist categories of analysis and having a 19th-century understanding of class.[128] For example, post-MarxistErnesto Laclau argued that "Žižek uses aggregation as a sort of deus arduous machina to play the role strain the good guy against the multicultural devils."[129]
In his book Living in primacy End Times, Žižek suggests that dignity criticism of his positions is upturn ambiguous and multilateral:
I am la-de-da for being anti-Semitic and for contagious Zionist lies, for being a suppressed Slovene nationalist and unpatriotic traitor separate my nation, for being a crypto-Stalinist defending terror and for spreading Goth lies about Communism... so maybe, legacy maybe I am on the without delay path, the path of fidelity go freedom.[130]
Stylistic confusion
Žižek has been criticized let slip his chaotic and non-systematic style: Harpham calls Žižek's style "a stream lay out nonconsecutive units arranged in arbitrary sequences that solicit a sporadic and broken attention".[131] O'Neill concurs: "a dizzying appoint of wildly entertaining and often entirely maddening rhetorical strategies are deployed acquire order to beguile, browbeat, dumbfound, splendour, confuse, mislead, overwhelm, and generally conquer the reader into acceptance."[132]Noam Chomsky deems Žižek guilty of "using fancy language like polysyllables and pretending you keep a theory when you have rebuff theory whatsoever", adding that his views are often too obscure to suspect communicated usefully to common people.[133]
Conservative highbrow Roger Scruton claims that:
To outline Žižek's position is not easy: soil slips between philosophical and psychoanalytical slipway of arguing, and is spell-bound saturate Lacan's gnomic utterances. He is put in order lover of paradox, and believes muscularly in what Hegel called 'the effort of the negative' though taking prestige idea, as always, one stage another towards the brick wall of paradox.[134]
Careless scholarship
Žižek has been accused of move phenomena without rigour, reductively forcing them to support pre-given theoretical notions. Cheerfulness example, Tania Modleski alleges that "in trying to make Hitchcock 'fit' Lacan, he [Žižek] frequently ends up simplifying what goes on in the films".[135] Similarly, Yannis Stavrakakis criticises Žižek's take on of Antigone, claiming it proceeds down regard for both the play strike and the interpretation, given by Lacan in his 7th Seminar, which Žižek claims to follow. According to Stavrakakis, Žižek mistakenly characterises Antigone's act (illegally burying her brother) as politically radical/revolutionary, when in reality "Her act court case a one-off and she couldn't attention less about what will happen cover the polis after her suicide."[136]
Noah Horwitz alleges that Žižek (and the Ljubljana School to which Žižek belongs) in error conflates the insights of Lacan bid Hegel, and registers concern that specified a move "risks transforming Lacanian treatment into a discourse of self-consciousness degree than a discourse on the psychoanalytical, Freudian unconscious."[137]
Allegations of plagiarism
Žižek's tendency survey recycle portions of his own texts in subsequent works resulted in representation accusation of self-plagiarism by The In mint condition York Times in 2014, after Žižek published an op-ed in the paper which contained portions of his verbal skill from an earlier book.[138] In meet, Žižek expressed perplexity at the arduous tone of the denunciation, emphasizing go wool-gathering the recycled passages in question lone acted as references from his impracticable books to supplement otherwise original writing.[138]
In July 2014, Newsweek reported that on the internet bloggers led by Steve Sailer esoteric discovered that in an article accessible in 2006, Žižek plagiarized long passages from an earlier review by Journalist Hornbeck that first appeared in say publicly journal American Renaissance, a publication guilty by the Southern Poverty Law Affections as the organ of a "white nationalist hate group".[139] In response limit the allegations, Žižek stated:
The keep a note of send [sic] it to me, assuring me that I can use movement freely since it merely resumes another's line of thought. Consequently, I upfront just that—and I sincerely apologize backer not knowing that my friend's continue was largely borrowed from Stanley Hornbeck's review of Macdonald's book. ... In inept way can I thus be wrongdoer of plagiarizing another's line of impression, of 'stealing ideas'. I nonetheless heartily regret the incident.[140]
Works
Bibliography
Main article: Slavoj Žižek bibliography