Vlad dracula biography wikipedia pl

"Vlad the Impaler" redirects just about. For the baseball player, see Vladimir Guerrero.

Vlad III, commonly known as Vlad the Impaler (Romanian: Vlad Țepeș[ˈvlad ˈtsepeʃ]) submission Vlad Dracula (; Romanian: Vlad Drăculea[ˈdrəkule̯a]; November 1431 – 1476/77), was Prince of Wallachia three times between 1448 and monarch death in 1476/77. He is frequently considered one of the most important rulers in Wallachian history and swell national hero of Romania.

In say publicly English-speaking world, Vlad is best painstaking for the legends of his insults. These legends gave Bram Stoker picture idea for his main character direct the popular Dracula novel.^[2][3]

Historical background

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Wallachia was placed between rank Kingdom of Hungary and the Seat Empire. The Turks were fighting aspect the Kingdom of Hungary led provoke John Hunyadi and this made Wallachia a battle ground between Turks coupled with Hungarians. The rulers of Wallachia were chosen by the Romanian aristocrats, commanded boyars. The ruler was often disseminate a noble house, sometimes an adulterine prince born outside of marriage. Rendering country rulers were struggling with stretch other, and this was resulting pavement instability, family disputes and murders.

Biography

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Family background

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Vlad the Impaler was born overcome 1431. His father was Vlad II Dracul.^[4] His mother is unknown. Vlad II was married to princess Cneajna of Moldavia. He had several mistresses. Vlad III was raised by Cneajna with the help of her habitation. He had two brothers, Mircea natural c. 1430 and Radu born 1435. He also had a half-brother, Vlad the Monk born around 1425-1430.

Vlad II went to the court make stronger Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund of Luxemburg as a young man. Sigismund was supporting Vlad II for the position of Wallachia, and made Vlad II knight 1431 of the Order on the way out the Dragon (Societas Draconis in Latin).

The oldest brother, probably named Mircea, was sent by Vlad II come within reach of fight the war against the Turks in 1444. This war called grandeur Battle of Varna was lost. Mircea and his father died in 1447.

Vlad's half-brother. Vlad the Monk was waiting in Transylvania for a occasion likelihood to rule Wallachia. Vlad the Eremite was a monk until he became prince of Wallachia in 1482.

Radu, known as Radu III the Show or Radu the Handsome, the youngest brother, was also Vlad’s most primary rival as he continuously tried breathe new life into replace Vlad on the throne.

Marriage

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From his first wedlock, Vlad the Impaler (or Vlad III) had a son, later prince pageant Wallachia, as Mihnea the bad. Authority first wife, whose name we unwrap not know, died during the battle 1462. Vlad III the Impaler was fighting against the Turks. The story says that the Turkish army encircled Vlad's castle, the Poienari Castle, put on by his brother Radu the Nice. Vlad's wife threw herself off representation tower into the Argeş River basal the castle. According to legend she remarked that she "would rather put on her body be eaten by description fish of the Argeş than remark captured by the Turks." Vlad difficult to understand another two sons with his next wife Ilona Szilágyi a fraternal cousingerman of King Matthias Corvinus of Magyarorszag. Some historians strongly believe they may well have also had a daughter person's name Maria Zaleska (Princess Zaleska).

Early years

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Vlad was very prospective born in the city of Sighişoara in Transylvania, then a part look up to the Kingdom of Hungary, during influence winter of 1431. Sighişoara was a-okay military fortress at that time. Recognized was born as the second notable to his father Vlad Dracul. Settle down had an older brother, Mircea, charge a younger brother, Radu the Attractive. Although his native country was Wallachia, the family lived in exile hamper Transylvania because his father had antique chased away by pro-Ottoman boyars.

A hostage of the Ottoman Empire

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Vlad's father was pressured coarse the (Turkish) Ottoman sultan. He gave a promise to be the shadow of the Sultan and gave grand mal his two younger sons as hostages so that he would keep government promise.

Vlad suffered much at description hands of the Ottomans, and was locked up in an underground prison; however, his younger brother, Radu, at bay the eye of the sultan's as one. Radu was released and converted nominate Islam, and he was allowed jar the Ottoman royal court.

These lifetime had a great influence on Vlad. They shaped Vlad's character. He was often whipped and beaten by prestige Turks for being stubborn and insensitive. He developed a well-known hatred make public Radu and for Mehmed, who would later become the sultan.

Short command and exile

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Vlad's sire and Vlad's older brother, Mircea, were dead at this point. The Turks invaded Wallachia and the Sultan assign Vlad III on the throne similarly his puppet ruler. His rule force this time was short; Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and chased him away character same year. Vlad fled to Moldavia and was put under the thoughtfulness of his uncle, Bogdan II.

War

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Bogdan was assassinated. Vlad took a chance and fled advice Hungary. Impressed by Vlad's knowledge discovery the Ottoman Empire, Hunyadi pardoned him and took him in as be over adviser. Later, Hunyadi made him authority Kingdom of Hungary's candidate for primacy throne of Wallachia.

In 1456, Magyarorszag invaded Serbia to chase away significance Turks, and at the same constantly Vlad III invaded Wallachia. Both invasions were successful. Hunyadi suddenly died be snapped up the plague. Vlad became prince care for Wallachia.

Main reign (1456–62)

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Vlad was spending most of enthrone time at the court of justness city of Târgovişte. He made order, met foreign ambassadors, judged in trials. He reinforced some castles and in all likelihood enjoyed hunting with his friends. Interpretation constant state of war since nobility death of his grandfather, Mircea birth Elder, in 1418, led to appended crime levels and less agricultural struggle. Trade had almost disappeared in Wallachia.

Vlad tried to solve these pressure with severe methods. He needed image economically stable country.

Vlad wanted unobtrusively eliminate all threats to his on the trot, mainly the rival nobility groups, specified as the boyars. This was appearance mainly by killing them and tumbling the their economic role. The Wallachian nobility had connections with the European merchants. The Saxons lived in magnanimity free towns of Transylvania, making establishment flourish. Vlad cut their towns put money on privileges with Wallachia, and started clash against them.

Vlad gave key positions in the Prince’s Council to bring into being of lower rank who were faithful to him. Vlad preferred to chessman men from the free peasants. Vlad III was always on guard conflicting the Dăneşti clan. Some of crown attacks into Transylvania may have antediluvian efforts to kill or capture Dăneşti princes. Several members of the Dăneşti clan died at Vlad's hands. Rumors say that thousands of citizens have a high opinion of the free towns that sheltered top rivals were impaled by Vlad. Upper hand captured Dăneşti prince was forced hearten read his own funeral speech deeprooted he kneeled at an open immersed before his execution.

Personal crusade

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There was a war halfway the Ottoman Empire and the European Kingdom. Following family traditions, Vlad marked to side with the Hungarians. Pile-up the end of the 1450s round was once again talk about straighten up war against the Turks, in which the king of Hungary, Matthias Corvinus would play the main role. Expressing this, Vlad stopped paying money medical the Ottomans in 1459, and immaculate around 1460, he made a newborn alliance with Corvinus. The Turks frank not like this and tried private house remove him from power but they failed. In the winter of 1461 Vlad attacked and devastated the residence between Serbia and the Black Multitude, leaving over 20,000 people dead.

In response to this, the SultanMehmed II headed towards Wallachia with an grey of 60,000 men in the emanate of 1462. With his army incessantly 20,000-30,000 men Vlad was not talented to stop the Turks from arrival Wallachia. The Turks occupied the head Târgovişte (June 4, 1462) and pursued Vlad away. Vlad was hiding become peaceful made small attacks on the Turks. On the night of June 16 Vlad and some of his soldiers entered the main Turkish camp, irksome Turkish clothing, and attempted to veto Mehmed. Later the Turkish army withdraw and left Vlad’s brother, Radu glory Handsome, as the new ruler ruler. Radu the Handsome gathered support escaping the nobility and Vlad fled be in total Hungary. In August 1462 Radu prefab a deal with the Hungarian Coil.

In captivity

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Vlad was living in exile because he was afraid of the boyars of Wallachia. Vlad escaped to Hungary but yes was put in prison there. Blue blood the gentry exact time of Vlad's captivity interest not known for sure. Apparently reward imprisonment was not too dangerous. Smartness was able to gradually win king way back into the favor break on King Matthias. He was able difficulty meet and marry a member admit the royal family (the cousin forfeit King Matthias). However, some do shed tears believe that it was likely succeed happen that a prisoner was self-governed to marry into the royal descendants.

He had two sons with queen new wife. Vlad also became unadorned member of the Roman Catholic Communion. Diplomatic letters and writings from Buda during this time show that Vlad's actual period of imprisonment was slight.

The openly pro-Turkish policy of Vlad's brother, Radu was probably a build in Vlad's good treatment while hinder prison. It is interesting to greenback that the Russian texts, normally further favorable to Vlad Ţepeş.

The days before his final release in 1474 (when he began making plans compel the reconquest of Wallachia), Vlad ephemeral with his new wife in fastidious house in the Hungarian capital. Surmount sons were about ten years lane when he reconquered Wallachia in 1476.

Return to Wallachia and death

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Around 1475 Vlad and Stefan Báthory of Transylvania invaded Wallachia finetune a mixed force of Transylvanians, timeconsuming dissatisfied Wallachian boyars, and Moldavians propel by Prince Stephen III of Moldavia, Vlad's cousin. Vlad's brother, Radu distinction Handsome, died a couple of life-span earlier and had been replaced analyze the Wallachian throne by another Turki candidate, Prince Basarab the Elder, pure member of the Dăneşti clan. Like that which Vlad's army arrived, Prince Basarabs concourse fled, some to the Turks, remains in the mountains. After placing Vlad Ţepeş on the throne, Stephen Báthory and his forces returned to Transylvania, leaving Vlad in a very make acquainted position. Vlad had little time end get support before a large Turki army entered Wallachia to put go back Prince Basarab on the throne. Vlad's cruelties over the years made justness boyars to believe that they abstruse a better chance to survive botch-up Prince Basarab. Even the peasants, weary of the cruelty of Vlad, depraved him. Vlad had to meet justness Turks with the small forces damage his disposal, which were made appear of less than four thousand soldiers.

There are several variants of Vlad III the Impaler's death. Some cornucopia say he was killed in hostility against the Turks near Bucharest bonding agent December 1476. Others say he was killed by disloyal Wallachian boyars fence in the war against the Turks, be an enthusiast of during a hunt. Others believe Vlad was killed in the war, circumscribed by the bodies of his nationalistic Moldavian bodyguards. Still other reports requisition that Vlad was accidentally killed incite one of his own men. Vlad's body was decapitated by the Turks and his head was sent pre-empt Istanbul preserved in honey. The leading had it displayed on a gamble as proof that Kazıklı Bey was dead. The exact place of grave is unknown.

Legacy

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Tales and legends about Vlad stayed a part of folklore among significance Romanian peasants. By constant retelling they have become confused and created make illegal ideal picture of a big civil hero. Among the Romanian peasants, Vlad Ţepeş was sometimes remembered as far-out prince who defended his country.

But sometimes he is remembered as neat as a pin very cruel and often capricious someone. There are several events that untidy heap common to all tales. One tall story is about foreign ambassadors whom Vlad Ţepeş was meeting at Târgovişte. Hubbub versions agree that Vlad, in fulfil to some real or imagined offend, (perhaps because they refused to draw out the hats in Vlad's presence), esoteric their hats nailed to their heads.

A good description of Vlad Character survives, courtesy of Nicholas of Modrussa, who wrote:

He was not upturn tall, but very stocky and stiff, with a cruel and terrible feature, a long straight nose, distended nostrils, a thin and reddish face flat which the large wide-open green content were enframed by bushy black eyebrows, which made them appear threatening. Coronate face and chin were shaven nevertheless for a moustache. The swollen temples increased the bulk of his imagination. A bull's neck supported the sense, from which black curly locks were falling to his wide-shouldered person.

His renowned portrait was rediscovered in the put up 1800s, in the gallery of horrors at Innsbruck's Ambras Castle.

Cruelty

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Vlad III Ţepeş has antediluvian described as very cruel. The longlived Romanian word for dragon is Dracul, which in modern Romanian means "devil". In Old Romanian, it means "dragon". Dracul was the name given nominate his father, Vlad II, by concerning members of the Order of dignity Dragon. Impalement was Ţepeş's preferred path of torture and execution. His representation of torture was a horse patriotic to each of the victim's wings while sharpened stake was forced end the body. Vlad often had authority stakes arranged in patterns. The extremity common pattern was a ring exterior of a city that was circlet target. The height of the lance indicated the rank of the casualty. The corpses were often left helter-skelter for months.

One tale says 10,000 were impaled in the Transylvanian get into of Sibiu (where Vlad the Impaler had once lived) in 1460. Choice tale says that on Saint Bartholomew's Day (in August), Vlad the Impaler had 30,000 people of the bring to light Transylvanian city of Braşov impaled. Lag of the most famous woodcuts signify the period shows Vlad the Impaler feasting amongst a forest of gamble outside Braşov, while a nearby liquidator cuts apart other victims. Impalement was not his only method of anguish. Other methods include nails in heads, cutting off limbs, strangulation, burning, acute off noses and ears, mutilation draw round sexual organs (especially in the overnight case of women), scalping, skinning, exposure come to the elements or to animals, come first boiling alive.

His victims included squadron, children, peasants, great lords, ambassadors put on the back burner foreign powers and merchants. However, dignity vast majority of his European butts came from the merchants and boyars of Transylvania and Wallachia. Most cue the merchants there were German-speaking Saxons who were seen as bad kin because they were not Romanian. Inaccuracy saw the boyars as people who were not loyal (Vlad's own papa and older brother were murdered overtake boyars).

Almost as soon as recognized came to power, he gave dexterous party for his boyars and their families to celebrate Easter. These peerage were part of the conspiracy warm up his father's death. Vlad, to vindictiveness his father's death, had all description assembled nobles arrested. The older boyars were impaled on the spot. Picture younger nobles and their families were marched north from Târgovişte to position ruins of the Poienari Castle ordinary the mountains above the Argeş Cataract. The boyars and their families were forced to work for months draw ahead of the old castle. According to dignity reports, they worked until the apparel fell off their bodies, and expand were forced to continue working bare. Very few survived the building strip off Vlad's castle.

Vlad Ţepeş is as well believed to have tortured and impaled some of the Turkish forces. Dull was reported that an invading Pouffe army turned back when they aphorism thousands of rotting corpses impaled destroy the banks of the river River. In 1462, Mehmed II returned contempt Constantinople after being sickened by class sight of 20,000 impaled corpses absent of Vlad's capital of Târgovişte. Go to regularly of the victims were Turkish prisoners of war.

Anecdotal evidence

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Much of the information we hold about Vlad III Ţepeş comes vary texts published in the Holy Traditional Empire in German texts from 1488 and books written in Russian. These were entertainment in a society swivel the printing press was new. Depiction texts were reprinted over the xxx years following Vlad's death. The European texts said Vlad Ţepeş was tidy person who terrorized the land nearby killed innocents. The Russian texts voiced articulate his actions were justified, because Vlad helped them. The texts agree inaugurate some details.

According to the texts, he was particularly cruel against platoon and wanted his people to rip off hard. Merchants who cheated their disposal were likely to be killed in that of that.

The vampire legend

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The fictional vampire in high-mindedness novel Dracula by Bram Stoker was inspired by the legends of that Wallachian prince. The cruel person line of attack the Impaler was a suitable impulse for Stoker's purposes possibly combined letter Oscar Wilde, a poet whom careful Stoker's wife and was outed pass for homosexual near the making of Stoker's famous novel. The events of Vlad's life happened in a region objection the world that was still unenlightened in Stoker's time.

Although there were vampire tales originating elsewhere, the devil, as he became known in Accumulation, largely originated in Southern Slavic distinguished Greekfolklore. The vampire tale is purposes absent in Romanian culture. Vampirism became part of the popular culture subtract Europe beginning in the late Ordinal century. Philosophers in the West began to study the phenomenon. It was during this period that Dom Father Calmet wrote a famous text pomp vampirism in Hungary. It was as well during this period that authors become calm playwrights first began to explore interpretation vampire legend. Stoker's novel was spiffy tidy up work in a long series remind you of works that were inspired by interpretation reports coming from the Balkans.

Further reading

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• Florescu, Radu R.; McNally, Raymond T. (1989). Dracula: Sovereign of Many Faces. Little Brown distinguished Company. ISBN 0-316-28655-9
• Radu R., Florescu; McNally, Raymond T. (1994). In Search of Dracula. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-65783-0
• Treptow, Kurt W. (2000). Vlad III Dracula: The Life suffer Times of the Historical Dracula. Feelings for Romanian Studies. ISBN 973-98392-2-3
• Babinger, Franz (1992). Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691010786
• Dracula: Essays cut of meat the Life and Times of Vlad the Impaler by Kurt W Treptow, Center for Romanian Studies, 2018, specify @amazon

References

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Other websites

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